Sunday, December 12, 2010

Enzyme lab

Works of Enzymes

Introduction/Purpose-
      The purpose of this lab is to see the rate of enzymes and how they react with different temperatures and pH. balances in the tummy.

Materials-
         Peroxide
         pH. balance solution
        controlled temperature locations(ice, warm water, and room temperature)
        Yeast
        testing tubes
        the measuring thing that connects to the mac

Data-
There are graphs

45 drops had the greatest reaction. This is because the more drops you put in (which the drops are  representing enzymes)  lowers the amount of energy that is required for the reactants to react. 


This graph shows that when being at a warm temperature it had more of an effect. This graph is showing that as temperature rises activity of enzymes increase. This is because in warm temperatures enzymes have more an effective collision with substrate. 


This graph shows that a lower pH. balance has a greater effect. This is happened because we were experimenting on the effects that would happen in the tummy and in the tummy a lower pH. balance reacts better.



Analyzing Data/Conclusion-
      I learned that rate of reaction is higher with more enzymes  present because the energy is being reduced for the reactants to react therefore making it more effective with more enzymes. I also learned that as temperature rises the activity of an enzyme increases.The lower pH. balance has a grater effect in the tummy because it binds better with its substrate than a higher pH. balance.
  

Wednesday, December 8, 2010

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis Lab

Purpose-
     To see the effects of photosynthesis and how photosynthesis works.


Materials-

  • A lot of water
  • aquarium snail or snails
  • bromothymol
  • elodea
  • aquarium plant or plants
  • beaker
Method-
    During this lab you will fill up half the beaker with water. After doing so put some bromothymol blue as much as to get the water to one solid color. You will repeat this but one time you will add a snail, anther time a plant and after that elodea with a snail and elodea with a plant.Wait about 15 min. for each result. Record your observations. After doing that find a dark corner to put the beaker with the bromotymol blue, snail, elodea and leave there for 3 hours. Then record your results. And clean everything up dispose of materials properly if needed.

Results/Data-

  • Water + bromothymol blue = blue green  This happened because carbon dioxide in water produces carbonic acid.
  • Water +  bromothymol blue+ snail = yellow  This happened because BTB is a blue-green liquid which changes to yellow color in acid and back to blue-green when returned to a neutral pH. So its pH. is abnormal. 
  • Water + bromothymol blue+ plant = blue green in light This happened because BTB is a blue-green liquid when it is at its neutral pH and it is.
Water + bromothymol blue + snail + elodea = blue green in light and yellow when left in dark for 3 hours. This happened because carbon dioxide plus water yields sugar and oxygen when chlorophyll and sunlight are present and so there wasn't no sunlight which made it due this effect.
    Conclusion-
        We see the way the effects of photosynthesis and how photosynthesis works in this lab by seeing how it absorbs sunlight with the light from the room and the plant or snail moving around is air and the water with BTB is the inside of the plant. When you set the beaker in the dark acid is created (turns yellow) because the plant need sunlight for photosynthesis and without it the plant is dead. 

    Sunday, November 28, 2010

    Black Widow vs. Brown Recluse Spider

    Black widow vs. Brown recluse spider

    The black widow and the brown recluse are the two most common venomous spiders in the U.S. They are usually found in warm climites like the southern states in dark places like an attic or a garage

    Black Widow 
    • Venom affects the nerve system
    • Some people highly affected others not it depends
    • Symptoms usually start with 20-60 minutes after the bite. 
    • Symptoms are muscle cramps, abdominal pain, weakness, and tremor may occur. If you are highly affected are nausea, vomiting, faintness, dizziness, chest pain, and trouble breathing. 
    • five different specious know in the U.S
    • half an inch long body 
    • Southern- has a shiny belly with an hourglass on it 
    • Northern-line of red dots on its back (it can have red legs)(kinda creepy)
    • nocturnal like vampires which their bites do look like little tiny vampire bites
    • only female attack human when being bothered
    • minor bites recommend a hot bath because all you may have is muscle spasm
    • severe bites need medical care which may be treated with narcotics and antivenin
    Brown Recluse 
    • venom more toxic than rattle snake
    • poison affects the cells and tissue
    • symptoms start to appear 2-8 hours after venom has been injected, severe itching, nausea, vomiting, fever, and muscle pain (myalgias).
    • legs one inch long
    • violin pattern on part where legs are attached
    • all bites are recommended to be seen by a doctor 
    • attack when they feel threatened (so would I)
    • six eyes which we can't see with our eyes
    Both bites can be very serious meanwhile the Brown Recluse is more affective and more severe.

    The black widows protein toxic affect the nerve system. Some people reactions are more server than others. Most of the time it is treated with narcotics and antivenin.

    The brown recluse spider contains a venom with many enzymes which makes it really poisonous. It destroys the cell membrane uncovering the tissue and makes nasty looking wounds and can cause a hole in the flesh known as volcano lesion. The best thing to do if bitten by this spider go seek medical care.

    (P.S I got chills through out all this research especially seeing some of the pictures)




            

    Monday, November 15, 2010

    Cystic Fibrosis

    Once upon a time there was a little boy and his mother; he was always having health problems. So his mommy being the good mommy she is took him to a doctor....
        Doctor: What are you feeling?
        Kid: I dont know really icky and stuff.
        Mommy: Well he has had a lot of wheezing and shortness of breath.
        Doctor: Ok I will examine and I will find out what is making you feel so icky.
    A few minutes pass and the doctor has done some test. One of the test that he did was the sweat test. (The sweat test measures concentration of salt in sweat.) A few mintues later he returns.
         Doctor: I have come back with the results. (which is very unusual because it usually takes the results   some time.)
         Mommy:What is it doctor? What does my son have?
         Doctor:Your son has mucus lining the airways of his lungs. The ions aren't doing there job of bringing water to that part so this is making your son sick. Its called cystic fibrosis.
         Mommy: Is that bad or good? Is my son going to die? Is it curable?
         Doctor: Unfortuallty there is no cure for it but there is treatments you can performe to help him out.
         Mommy: Tell me what I can do!
         Doctor: Well there is antibiotics which prevent lung infections, Mucus thining drugs they reduce stickyness of mucus and make it easier to cough up. These are only two ways to treat it.
         Mommy: Ok doctor.
         Doctor: Im going to prescribe the antibiotics.
         Mommy: Ok doctor.
    The doctor prescribed the antibiotics and the mommy was happy because her son is feeling better.

    Wednesday, November 3, 2010

    Monday, October 4, 2010

    Carbohydrates.

    Carbohydrates are sugars that produce energy for your body, brain, and nerve system. There are three categories of carbohydrates. Monosaccharide is a simplest form and it is only one(mono means one). This carbohydrate would be a sugar. Di means two which is disaccharide. Disaccharide contains two monosaccharide. Milk is a disaccharide. Polysaccharides is  composed of a chain of monosaccharide joined together by glacsidic bonds. (poly means many) Polysaccharides is a starch. All this carbohydrates are important in our diet. It creates our energy.

    Tuesday, September 21, 2010

    Acids, Bases, Ph.

    What makes an acid an acid?
         An acid is an acid by its number on the Ph. balance. If its zero to seven it is an acid but if it is seven to fourteen it is a base.

    Why is water neutral?
         Water is neutral because of the Ph. balance it is 7 which is neither acidic or basic. It is right in the middle. Water dissolves way more chemicals, minerals, and nutrient  than any other liquid.

    How do antacids work?                                                                                                                                    Antacids work by increasing the Ph. balance. You may start to have problems when the Ph. balance in your stomach goes down and by taking an antacid you will increase your Ph. balance(raising it back to normal) and that's when you start to feel better.

    Thursday, September 16, 2010

    My Attempt to Explain this Article (Dead simple’ way to see atomic structure)

    The first image taken of how water coats surfaces can also be used to see other molecules like antibodies. A professor believes that most surfaces have a coat of water. Which affect the wear and tear properties on that surface. Although coatings of water on the surface are everywhere they are hard to study because they are constantly flowing around. However they discovered a way of keeping the moving water molecules in place to study them! They basically came up with a shrink wrap using graphene paper. They discovered that the first layer of water contains two water molecules and once that layer forms a second one comes into the picture with anther two molecules. It has the form of ice but this creates droplets. The reach searchers are now looking for a way to improve their technique to get better images.

    Tuesday, September 14, 2010

    Thursday, September 9, 2010

    Clinical Trial...
    A clinical trial is a trial to evaluate the safety and the affects the medication may have on a person.  In a double blind placebo there is a group of people participating in the clinical trial.Some of them (half and half) receive the real medication while the other half is receiving a false medication that is practically the same thing but isn't (the placebo). The way people are chosen if they're taking the placebo or the real thing is randomly. The reason  for the double blind placebo clinical trail is so that the researchers could see if the medication is effective and it eliminates any possibility of what ifs. (By what ifs I mean by the effects and side effects it may have on us.(living breathing people))